| Molecular weight of most drugs: | less than 500 |
| An example of a drug which is a naturally occurring hormone: | insulin |
| The human hormone is used to treat pituitary dwarfism: | growth hormone |
| Growth hormone, isolated from human pituitary glands at autopsy is associated with this fatal degenerative neurological disease: | Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease |
| These protein growth factors may be used therapeutically: | erythropoietin and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor |
| This term describes the relationship between an individual's genetics and the individual's response to specific drugs: | Pharmacogenomics |
| Small RNA segments which may interfere with protein synthesis while exhibiting substantial selectivity: | Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) |
| The common term for drug molecule which activates a receptor: | Agonist |
| A common term for a drug molecule that blocks receptor activation: | Antagonist |
| Drugs interact with receptors utilizing "binding forces". Three examples of such forces: | Covalent, hydrophobic, and electrostatic |
| Of forces involved in drug-receptor binding, this type is viewed as the strongest: | Covalent |
| This type of binding best characterizes the association between acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)'s acetyl group and its target, platelet cycloxygenase: | Covalent |
| This type of binding includes strong interactions between permanently charged ionic species to less strong hydrogen bonding and even to very weak dipole-induced dipole interactions (van der Waals forces): | electrostatic binding |
| Mirror-image molecular forms in which one form is biologically substantially more active than the other may be described in terms of: | Chirality or stereoisomerism |
| About this percentage of useful drugs exist as chiral molecules: | 50% |
| Considering carvedilol, which has a single chiral center and therefore two enantiomers, how might their activities at different receptor types be described: | The (S) (-) isomer exhibits notable ß-adrenergic receptor antagonism; whereas, the (R)(-) isomer is 100-fold less effective at the ß receptor site. However, both isomers exhibit comparable potency as alpha-receptor antagonists |
| Ketamine (intravenous anesthetic) and its enantiomeric forms: | The (+) ketamine enantiomer is the more potent anesthetic and is also less toxic than the (-) enantiomer. ketamine is administered as the racemic mixture (50:50). |
| Pharmacologic antagonist drugs-an example mechanism: | Atropine is a cholinergic receptor antagonist because it competes with the physiological transmitter acetylcholine for acetylcholine receptor sites. This type of antagonism may be overcome by increasing the concentration of acetylcholine in this example or by agonist concentrations in the general case. |
| Drugs which, upon binding to the receptor, induce a maximal response: | Full agonists |
| Drugs which bind to their receptor and induce a response that is less than the hypothetical maximum response: | Partial agonists |