Factor/factors which may contribute to arrhythmia development:
Ionic gradients primarily responsible for cardiac transmembrane potential
Cardiac cell permeability and conductance:
Phase 0 of the cardiac action potential: except for specialize conducting tissue, the major inward depolarizing ion is sodium
Spontaneous depolarization (pacemaker cells):
Factors/Factors that reduce the membrane potential and reduce conduction velocity:
Conduction in severely depolarized cells:
Proarrhythmic:
Arrhythmias develop because of abnormal impulse generation, propagation or both.
More important determinant of heart rate:
Determines/Determinants of diastolic duration interval
Decreased heart rate:
Factor/factors that can increase automaticity:
Reduction of ventricular following rate in atrial fibrillation:
Increase sympathetic tone increases phase 4 depolarization and increases delayed afterdepolarizations and early afterdepolarization
Quinidine pharmacology:
Drug-induced lupus syndrome
Termination of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia:
Reflex bradycardia:
Short-acting cardioselective beta adrenergic receptor antagonist:
Associated with beta adrenergic receptor blockade with respect to cardiac conduction:
Factor/factors that predisposed to delayed afterdepolarizations:
Reentry is most common cardiac conduction abnormality leading to arrhythmias
Mechanism/mechanism of action of antiarrhythmic drugs:
Main action on the heart:
