Autonomic pharmacology

Autonomic Pharmacology--Adrenergic Drugs

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α1 Receptors49,46
Receptor type: α1 (includes α1A, α1B, α1D) example agonist:  phenylephrine example antagonist:  prazosin

Signal transduction:  G protein (Gq,Gi/Go  depending on subtype);

also depending on subtype, phospholipase C, D, A2 enzyme activity

IP3, DAG** (true for all α receptor subtypes)

Receptor type: α1

Agonist effectiveness: 

Epinephrine ≥ Norepinephrine >> Isoproterenol;

phenylephrine ("pure" α agonist)

  • Tissue Effects following α1-receptor activation

    • Vascular smooth muscle contraction

    • GU* smooth muscle contraction

    • Hepatic:  glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis

    • Intestinal smooth muscle:  relaxation (membrane hyperpolarization)

    • Cardiac:  positive inotropic (increased contractility); proarrhythmic

  • *GU--genitourinary

  • ** IP3: Inositol trisphosphate; DAG:  diacylglycerol

     

    • IP3:DAG Second Messengers
      IP3 DAG

α2 Receptors49,46
Receptor type: α2 (includes α2A, α2B, α2D)

example agonist:  clonidine;

 α2Aagonist: oxymetazoline

example α2: antagonist:  yohimbine;

α2A,α2B:  prazosin

Signal transduction: G protein (Gi adenylyl cyclase activity);

Gi (βγ subunits): K+ channel conductance;

Go : Ca2+ channel conductance (L- and N-type)

cAMP (true for all α2 receptor subtypes)

Receptor type: α2

Agonist effectiveness: 

Epinephrine ≥ Norepinephrine >> Isoproterenol;

clonidine (classical α2 agonist)

  • Tissue Effects following α2-receptor activation

    • Platelets:  aggregation

    • Pancreatic islet β cells:  reduction in insulin release

    • Synaptic endings:  reduction in norepinephrine release

    • Vascular smooth muscle:  contraction

β Receptors49,46
Receptor type: β (includes β1, β2, β3)

example agonist:  isoproterenol;

 β1 agonist: dobutamine;

β2 agonist : albuterol

example β: antagonist: propranol;

 β1 antagonist: bextaxolol, metaprolol;

β2 antagonist: butoxamine

 

 

Signal transduction: G protein (Gs)

cAMP (true for all β receptor subtypes),

 adenylyl cyclase, L-type Ca2+ channels

Receptor type: β1

Agonist effectiveness: 

Isoproterenol > Epinephrine = Norepinephrine;

dobutamine (antagonist:  CGP 20712A)

  • Tissue Effects following β1 -receptor activation

    • Renal:  juxtaglomerular cells:  increased renin secretion

    • Cardiac: increased myocardial contractility (positive inotropism)

      • increased rate of contraction

      • increased AV nodal conduction velocity

Receptor type: β2

Agonist effectiveness: 

Isoproterenol > Epinephrine >> Norepinephrine (antagonist ICI 118551);

terbutaline (antagonist:  CGP 20712A)

  • Tissue Effects following β2-receptor activation

    • Smooth muscle (including bronchial, vascular, GI and GU):  relaxation

    • Skeletal muscle:  glycogenolysis and increased K+ uptake.

    • Hepatic effects::  glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Receptor type: β3

Agonist effectiveness: 

Isoproterenol = Epinephrine > Norepinephrine (antagonist ICI 118551);

BRL 37344 (antagonist:  CGP 20712A)

  • Tissue Effects following β3-receptor activation

    • Adipose:  lipolysis

 

 

Dopamine Receptors49,46
Receptor type: Dopamine (includes D1, D2,D3, D4,D5 )

example D1 agonist: fenoldopam;

example D2 agonist:  bromocriptine

example D4: antagonist: clozapine

Signal transduction:

D1: cAMP;

D2-D5: cAMP

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